Same sex marriage discrimination Visitation Rights Obtaining and asserting hospital visitation rights has been a significant struggle for the LGBTQ+ community. Using state-level panel data within a difference-in-differences framework, I examine how the legalization of same-sex marriage affects hate crimes. Society will eventually embrace same -sex marriage as a result of the Supreme Court's recognition of it; therefore,the Supreme Court must exert pressure on society to recognize same-sex marriage for the betterment of the society. In 1988 and 1999, Louisiana added provisions to its Civil Code that prohibited same-sex couples from marrying and prohibited the recognition of same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions. Keywords: Same-sex marriage law, hate crime, EEOC, discrimination, sexual minority JEL: J15, J71, K10, K38 I I thank the editor, Charles Courtemanche, and two anonymous referees for their A community guide to the National Inquiry into Discrimination against People in Same-Sex Relationships: Financial and Work-Related Entitlements and Benefits At least 20 000 same-sex couples in Australia experience systematic discrimination on a daily basis. This suggests that the B. Whereas many gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults who are in a committed same-sex relationship have taken advantage of the right to marriage, either in their home jurisdictions or in other jurisdictions, even though many jurisdictions that do not permit marriage of same-sex couples do not recognize these valid marriages (Badgett, 2009; Gates et al An Oct. , “Marriage should be legal for same‐sex couples”) with a higher score representing a more positive attitude (M = 5. 2011 Prohibition of discrimination based on sexual orientation is added to the Swedish constitution Mar 12, 2024 · The share of U. Dec 8, 2022 · This article was originally published by The 19th on Dec. [Google Scholar] Maisel NC, & Fingerhut AW (2011). Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 19(3), 79–90. affected same-sex couples in the labor market by using data from the American Community Survey. Provincial and territorial state recognition of same-sex marriages, see Julienne C Scocca ‘Society’s ban on same-sex marriages: a rccvaluation of the so-called “fundamental right” of marriage’ (1992) 2 . These cases were brought up to consider the extension of marriage and family rights to individuals belonging to sexual and gender minority groups in India, where same-sex weddings or civil unions are considered illegal. L/719; David Link ‘The ties that bind: recognizing privacy and the family commitment of same-sex couples’ (1990) 23 . In 2000, Parliament passed Bill C-23 which gives same-sex couple the same social and tax benefits as heterosexuals in common-law relationships. Feb 25, 2025 · A Michigan Republican introduced a resolution Tuesday urging the Supreme Court to reverse its 2015 Obergefell v. Same-sex marriages Civil marriage in the Netherlands has been open to same-sex couples since 2001. Jun 24, 2024 · Brazilian gay activists argued that same-sex unions qualified as stable unions, a category of relationships that the Brazilian Constitution deems equivalent to marriage in recognition of a Aug 21, 2017 · Opponents of same-sex marriage often argue that children raised in same-sex households perform worse on a variety of life outcome measures when compared to those raised in a heterosexual household Same-sex marriage has been legal in South Africa since the Civil Union Act, 2006 came into force on 30 November 2006. Constitutional. 26). Same-sex sexual activity has been legal in Ohio since 1974, and same-sex marriage has been legally recognized since June 2015 as a result of Obergefell v. 12 Jan 1, 2025 · The Supriyo Chakraborty v. Amongst those of no religion, 72% agreed with same-sex marriage and 12% disagreed. May 11, 2021 · Bataan 1st District Representative Geraldine Roman, in response, assured Atienza that the bill will not push the legalization of same-sex marriage as it covers discrimination not only against sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, but also discrimination based on other attributes. Same-sex marriage also provides access to a wide range of tangible benefits and social opportunities associated with marriage [9, 10]. In the last decade alone, the federal constitutional right to marry has been extended to same-sex couples, and LGBTQ+ people have gained the federal constitutional right to protection against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. g. Apr 9, 2024 · The Philippines is a signatory to various international treaties that advocate for equality and non-discrimination, which supporters of same-sex marriage argue should compel the country to recognize marriage equality. Consequently, there is now a significant Jun 26, 2020 · Since the legalization of same-sex marriage in all 50 states, the LGBTQ rights movement has expanded its vision. 4 Current Religious Freedom Challenges and Opportunities . California’s ban on same-sex marriage: The campaign and its effects on gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. The extension of marriage rights to same-sex couples in the United States provides an opportunity to examine how legalization of same-sex marriage has impacted the experiences of sexual minority women (SMW) in interactions within their extended ruling in Obergefell v. What are the Arguments of the Petitioners? The Act is ultra vires the Constitution to the extent it discriminates between same-sex couples and opposite sex couples , denying same-sex couples both legal Mar 23, 2024 · For instance, India repealed its sodomy laws criminalizing same-sex sexual activity in 2018, but its Supreme Court declined to legalize same-sex marriage in 2023; Taiwan became the first country to legalize same-sex marriage in Asia in 2019; Cuba and Chile were two of the latest countries to legalize same-sex marriage in 2022; and Nepal's Same-sex sexual activity legal (since 1998, see Powell v. banned same-sex marriages. Additionally, legal same-sex marriage comes with mental and physical health benefits. Jun 29, 2020 · June 26 marked five years since the ruling of Obergefell v. adults who support same-sex marriage and laws that protect LGBTQ people from discrimination has dipped in the last year, a PRRI survey has found. Research on same-sex couples has demonstrated a negative association between experiences of stigma and relationship … Jun 30, 2023 · The Supreme Court just made same-sex marriage more vulnerable to a future challenge in ruling for a Colorado web designer who didn't want to make wedding websites for gay couples, writes Phil Elliott Sep 20, 2022 · It denied marriage rights to transnational same-sex couples in which the non-Taiwanese partner hailed from a country that did not recognize same-sex marriage. The enactment of the Civil Marriage Act in 2005 marked a milestone in sexual orientation equality rights, by allowing same-sex couples to be married anywhere in Canada. This year's celebration comes after another big Supreme Court decision last week. Dec 9, 2018 · Federal recognition of same-sex marriage may thus provide these individuals an increased sense of support or community to ameliorate a sense of being alone. S. Same-sex marriages Recognition of same-sex couples Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples Joint adoption by same-sex couples Adoption by single people regardless of sexual orientation By law, adoption must be from a married heterosexual couple. Access to marriage led to amendments in tax, health insurance, and adoption laws that could have encouraged some same-sex partners to specialize in household production and decrease their labor sup Jan 30, 2025 · The Supreme Court of the United States has played a significant role in the evolution of LGBTQ+ rights over the past 70 years. Jun 28, 2017 · Massachusetts was the first state to legalize gay marriage, and the first legal same-sex marriage was performed on May 17, 2004—a day when seventy-seven other couples across the state also tied Same-sex marriage has been legal in Australia since 9 December 2017. Nevertheless, the valuation effects on corporate America are unclear. Apr 16, 2021 · The recent wave of same-sex marriage legalization marks the most significant human rights progress in decades. What is Same-Sex Marriage? Same-sex marriage is a union between two people of the same legal sex or gender. Following the U. In 2015 there were 748 marriages between two women and 647 between two men. 2005 Insemination rights for lesbian couples. In the first two years after the law was changed, more male than female couples were married. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals in romantic relationships experience stigma, prejudice, and discrimination stemming from widespread social devaluation of same-sex relationships. May 24, 2023 · These include respect for religious freedom, concerns on necrophilia and pedophilia and the conflation of same-sex marriage with SOGIESC discrimination, among others. Rev. Does the legalization of same sex marriage upholds the equal protection clause of the Constitution? D. ” The petition had essentially requested that the Court declare unconstitutional on equality grounds certain provisions of Jun 17, 2012 · 8. It also banned joint adoption of a nonrelative child by married same-sex couples, making Taiwan one of only two jurisdictions worldwide to legislate such an exclusion (Lau Reference Lau Oct 18, 2024 · Employers that offer health insurance as a benefit to those in opposite-sex marriages are now required to offer health insurance to employees in same-sex marriages as well. Nearly 300,000 same-sex couples have married since, but Dec 1, 2019 · This paper analyzes how the legalization of same-sex marriage in the U. In 2004, the federal government amended the Marriage Act 1961 (Cth) to clarify that ‘marriage’ is ‘the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others’. Nov 7, 2024 · On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court issued a 5-4 decision in favor of Obergefell, holding that the Fourteenth Amendment requires all states to grant same-sex marriages and recognize marriages performed in other jurisdictions. report on this subject to the UN Human Rights Council: “Everyday discrimination”, 3 countries have decriminalized consensual samefuelled by entrenched discriminatory attitudes and facilitated by lack of effective anti-discrimination laws, affects LGBT and Hodges on June 26, 2015 held that the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples is unconstitutional, invalidating the ban on same-sex marriage in Louisiana. The Centre for LGBTI Development and Cooperation – Somos CDC in Honduras has documented some of these cases:. On July 7, Governor Jay Nixon issued an executive order directing all state agencies to comply with that ruling, while also rescinding his earlier, narrower executive order Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in the U. For example, a professional photographer may want to refrain from taking pictures at a same-sex marriage ceremony for moral or religious reasons. Those who were in favor argued that granting same-sex couples access to marriage would strengthen commitment for same-sex couples, extend the financial benefits of marriage to same-sex households, and improve outcomes for children being raised by same-sex parents. Same-sex marriage is permitted in a range of other countries. [132] In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it. The decision of the Constitutional Court in the case of Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie on 1 December 2005 extended the common-law definition of marriage to include same-sex spouses—as the Constitution of South Africa guarantees equal protection before the law to all Nov 26, 2022 · The non-recognition of same-sex marriage amounted to discrimination that struck at the root of dignity and self-fulfillment of LGBTQ+ couples. Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. 617 (2018), was a case in the Supreme Court of the United States that addressed whether owners of public accommodations can refuse certain services based on the First Amendment claims of free speech and free exercise of religion, and therefore be granted an exemption from laws ensuring non-discrimination in public Jun 15, 2020 · Hodges, the 2015 case that established a constitutional right to same-sex marriage. Majorities of Americans of almost every major racial and ethnic group support same-sex marriage, including around seven in ten white Americans (69% Hodges invalidated the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples, making Missouri's restrictions on the licensing and recognition of same-sex marriages unenforceable. [133] Same-Sex Marriage, Employment and Discrimination Dario Sansone 1 This version: 14 November 2018 JOB MARKET PAPER The most recent version of the paper and the Online Appendix are available on my website. territories except American Samoa. Until the late 1900s, same-sex marriage was largely prohibited internationally, with the American Psychological Association citing homosexuality as a mental illness until 1975. 2, 2009 analysis by the New York Times estimated that same-sex couples denied marriage benefits incurred an additional $41,196 to $467,562 in expenses over their lifetimes compared with married heterosexual couples. Despite the benefits of marriage rights, sexual minorities continue to experience stigma-related stressors, such as rejection from family or community, and discrimination in employment and other life spheres Jul 17, 2013 · Although South Africa has a marriage law for gay couples, in many other sub-Saharan states politicians use same-sex marriage as a pretext to continue violating the human rights of LGBTI people. 1155, 1182 (2005) (discussing concern that “a gay rights victory on government recognition of same-sex marriage Jan 24, 2020 · (Jan. 8404, known as the Respect for Marriage Act, into law, guaranteeing marriage equality for same-sex and interracial couples under federal law Mar 17, 2022 · Less than half of Latter-Day Saints (46%) support same-sex marriage, and white evangelical Protestants (35%) and Jehovah’s Witnesses (22%) are the least likely to support same-sex marriage. Jun 18, 2019 · 4. It may be that changes in perceived social norms about support of same-sex marriage may prompt family members to feel more comfortable or able to support their sexual minority relatives. The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) also expanded Jun 1, 2024 · In February, Greece became the first Orthodox Christian-majority country to legalize same-sex marriage. 2009 Gender-neutral marriage law in effect. [144] [145] Aug 1, 2024 · In areas with the lowest opposition to marriage equality (about a 13-26% “no” vote), individuals in same-sex relationships had a 56% higher odds of reporting any long-term health condition As part of structural changes in partnership formations and family institutions, countries around the world have started to accept and formalize same‐sex relationships to the extent that some of them even legalized same‐sex marriages. Same-sex marriage differs from civil unions or partnerships. . Each state can choose to add protections for LGBTQ people. Abstract This paper analyzes how the legalization of same-sex marriage in the U. Indirect discrimination also exists where employers for instance might have a policy that puts same sex partners who are married at a disadvantage. org Dec 1, 2019 · Same-sex marriage legalization led to an increase in the probability of being employed among same-sex couples. 46, SD = 1. State Protections for Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation. See full list on hrw. 54% of Catholics agreed with same-sex marriage, with 21% disagreeing; 50% of Presbyterians agreed, with 25% disagreeing. 748 outside the Civil Code in May 2019. "His policies are an open door to discrimination being accepted as the norm (c) Marriage for same-sex couples. The results show that same-sex marriage laws decrease sexual orientation-motivated hate crimes, with stronger effects on gay men. This law requires all states to recognize valid same-sex marriages performed in another state. Nov 13, 2021 · Using state-level panel data within a difference-in-differences framework, I examine how the legalization of same-sex marriage affects hate crimes. Hodges — the landmark Supreme Court case legalizing same-sex marriage. Supreme Court's ruling striking down Michigan's ban on same-sex marriage, Michigan courts have been granting adoption rights to same-sex couples. 12 Practical Steps for Implementation . allowed states to recognize or not recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states. Oct 8, 2019 · A group of 14 same-sex couples and two men whose partners were deceased joined together and won one of the LGBTQ rights movement’s biggest victories: marriage. 1 Same‐sex marriage legalization (SSML) is a typical anti‐discrimination policy to remove institutional Same Sex marriage discrimination also involves direct discrimination where a person is treated worse for being in a civil partnership or marriage to another of the same gender. The U. Attitudes toward same‐sex parenting were assessed using constitutional declaration of marriage comparable to that of the heterogeneous group is required. 8, 2022. Under the new law, same-sex couples are allowed to adopt children and married couples gain Dec 8, 2022 · discrimination in the provision of goods and services. Jun 19, 2019 · The California Supreme Court ruled in favor of same-sex couples’ marriage rights, but the window for legal marriages was brief — as voters later that year approved Proposition 8, which amended consensual same sex relationships; in seven the death penalty may be applied. 9. Apr 3, 2018 · The Air Force has ruled that one of its commanders had a right to exercise his religious beliefs when he declined to sign a certificate of appreciation for the same-sex spouse of an airman under Jun 9, 2016 · In June 2009, President Obama issued a directive on same-sex domestic partner benefits, opening the door for the State Department to extend the full range of legally available benefits and allowances to same-sex domestic partners of members of the Foreign Service sent to serve abroad. Mar 11, 2021 · Attitudes toward same‐sex marriage and same‐sex parenting. , Opponents of same-sex marriage argue marriage is a social Same-sex marriage in Canada: The impact of legal marriage on the first cohort of gay and lesbian Canadians to wed. This law guaranteed most but not all of the same rights entailed in a heterosexual marriage for same-sex couples . However, it does not require a state to issue a same-sex marriage license. 4 Prohibitions on same-sex marriage can also be understood as discrimination based on sex, since marriage would be open to those persons but for the sex of their chosen partner. The study is concerned with the Same Sex Marriage issue in the Philippines – if such is a legal right that LGBT community deserve to have. While the arguments supporting marriage equality are largely in the domain of law and sociology, many prominent business leaders are actively engaged in campaigns advocating marriage equality. APA resolutions and information regarding LGBT issues such as sexual orientation and marriage, child custody or placement, transgender issues, gender identity and gender expression nondiscrimination, amicus briefs and lesbian and gay parenting. And she made clear at the oral argument Nov 20, 2024 · 2003 Adoption rights for same-sex couples. Loyola LAL Review Apr 21, 2021 · In North Carolina, which also doesn't have a statewide anti-discrimination law protecting LGBTQ people, at least two wedding venues made national news within the span of four months for refusing May 13, 2024 · Two decades ago, the United States was divided by heated debates over the merits of legalizing marriage for same-sex couples. In a nation of 110 million people, more than 110,000 showed up last week to Quezon City’s Pride festival Hodges changed this when it protected the right to same-sex marriage and declared section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) unconstitutional. 1 Same-sex marriage legalization (SSML) is a typical anti-discrimination policy to remove institutional Political and legal debates concerning the legal recognition of same-sex relationships – marriage in particular – have been longstanding and they will certainly endure, despite the U. affected gay and lesbian couples in the labor market. Legislation to allow it, the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017 became law on 8 December 2017 and came into effect the next day. Nov 12, 2024 · Same-sex marriage is legal in all states and the District of Columbia through the landmark 2015 ruling Obergefell v. Based on the results of the two referendums against same-sex marriage, the Taiwanese government enacted the Act for Implementation of Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 6 Recent Court and Legislative Developments • Obergefell • Legal Developments Apart from Same Sex Marriage • Key Employment Related Considerations • Religious Freedom Restoration Acts . Hodges same-sex marriage ruling. Apr 4, 2020 · The last two decades have witnessed a tremendous amount of social and policy changes pertaining to same-sex relationships. Supreme Court’s 2015 landmark ruling that made same-sex marriage legal in all 50 states (Obergefell v. A single‐item indicator was used to assess attitudes toward same‐sex marriage (e. Union of India connected cases (2023) are a collection of significant cases that the Supreme Court of India heard. Additional evidence suggests that these employment changes were driven by improvements in attitudes and lower discrimination. . Fifty-eight federal laws deny same-sex A 2022 Public Religion Research Institute poll found that 67% of Indiana residents supported same-sex marriage, 78% supported anti-discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and gender identity, and 57% opposed allowing public businesses to refuse service to LGBTQ people based on religious beliefs. In September 2019, a judge within Michigan allowed discrimination against LGBT individuals adopting children within adoption agencies, on the technical legal grounds of "fundamental Jan 22, 2025 · The Supreme Court's landmark decision overturned all state laws banning same-sex marriage. Nationwide, eligible employees under the FMLA can take leave to care for a same-sex spouse or for a common-law partner. v. Jun 30, 2023 · A t first glance, the deeply Catholic Philippines can seem surprisingly LGBT-friendly. Yet, many of these couples who sought to grow their family through adoption have faced discrimination. “By recognizing that the government’s ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional, these rulings make clear that such discrimination has no place in Japanese society. They also can take leave to care for an adopted child. R. However, single parents are allowed to adopt children if the minister permits. These forms of discrimination include the prohibition of same-sex marriage or the impossibility of changing one’s name. So, they don't require a business to say same-sex marriage couple. In parliamentary unitary systems, such as those of the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom, for example, legislatures (and the executives derived from them Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The 1996 Defense of Marriage Act recognized legal unions between same-sex couples. May 21, 2009 · Opponents of gay marriage also are concerned about how the legalization of same-sex marriage could impact private businesses and individuals who may have religious objections to same-sex marriage. The Respect for Marriage Act has Nov 13, 2021 · The impact of same-sex marriage laws on the victimization of sexual minorities has not received much attention in the literature. Although I prefer the terms "marriage for same-sex couples" and "marriage equality," I sometimes use the term "same-sex marriage" to track the language used by both scholars and advocates addressing religious objections to marriage for same-sex couples. 2 Introduction . allowed states to annul same-sex marriages performed in other states. affected gay and lesbian Same-Sex Marriage, Employment and Discrimination Dario Sansone1 This version: 17 July 2018 JOB MARKET PAPER The most recent version of the paper and the Online Appendix are available on my website. Jun 22, 2020 · A bill to legalize same-sex marriage and allow same-sex couples to The Department of Health and Human Services in May proposed a rule that would narrow how it defines sex discrimination According to ILGA-Europe's 2021 report, the status of LGBT rights in Italy is below the standards of other Western European countries – such as still not recognizing same-sex marriage, lacking nationwide discrimination protections for goods and services, as well as not granting to same-sex couples full parental rights, such as joint adoption May 17, 2018 · Most Australians probably think that now same-sex marriage is legal, LGBTI people's rights are fully respected, but that's not the case. Hodges). Jun 30, 2023 · In the latest case involving same-sex marriage rights, religious freedom and discrimination, the Supreme Court on Friday ruled in favor of a web designer in Colorado who said she had a First May 17, 2023 · In Honduras, discrimination and lack of legal recognition of the rights of LGBTI people is an ever-present reality. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018) Author: Anthony Kennedy The laws and the Constitution can and sometimes must protect gay persons and gay couples in the exercise of their civil rights, but religious and philosophical objections to gay marriage are protected views and sometimes protected forms of expression. denomination. Clayton County) Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services (Since 2020) Same-sex marriage Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples [64] Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, 584 U. LGBT Rights in Singapore: homosexuality, gay marriage, gay adoption, serving in the military, sexual orientation discrimination protection, changing legal gender, donating blood, age of consent, and more. Mar 14, 2024 · The ruling in Sapporo, the first High Court decision on same-sex marriage in the country, emphatically shows the trend towards acceptance of same-sex marriage in Japan. Support for same-sex marriage is particularly strong amongst younger Same Sex marriage discrimination also involves direct discrimination where a person is treated worse for being in a civil partnership or marriage to another of the same gender. In 2022, the federal Respect for Marriage Act created statutory protections for same-sex marriages. Guidance for Same-Sex Issues . Dec 20, 2022 · On December 13, 2022, President Joe Biden signed H. At the time of this writing (early 2018), same-sex marriage was either performed or recognised in 32 countries throughout the world, and attitudes towards homosexuality and same-sex marriage are improving according to opinion polls in most ‘Western’ countries (Ayoub Feb 25, 2025 · Same-sex marriage - Legalization, Equality, Rights: At the turn of the 21st century it was clear that the evolution of rights for same-sex couples depended to a great extent upon the interplay of a country’s institutional forces. When Justice Kennedy retired in 2018, gay rights advocates said they feared that the court was less likely to Jul 29, 2011 · See Eugene Volokh, Same-Sex Marriage and Slippery Slopes, 33 Hofstra L. 24, 2020) On January 6, 2020, the Philippines’ Supreme Court announced it had dismissed a motion to reconsider its September 2019 ruling denying a petition to approve same-sex marriage in the country, effectively concluding this case “with finality. After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation. Apr 29, 2015 · If Nguyen is indeed the relevant precedent, that means that the same heightened judicial scrutiny that applies to other forms of sex discrimination also applies to laws banning same-sex marriage. The Nguyen Court applied heightened intermediate scrutiny to the legislation at issue in that case, which means that the law in question could only be 3 days ago · This ruling required all states to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. House approved legislation Thursday to shore up marriage rights for LGBTQ+ couples. While the right to same-sex marriage was ruled fundamental, not all states would allow same-sex couples to adopt children. State) Equal age of consent [63] Anti-discrimination laws in employment (Since 2020, see Bostock v. 2009 Transgender identity and expressions included in anti-discrimination act. From 2003 onwards, however, that situation reversed. Many of the remaining areas of discrimination don't have The State Governments of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan have opposed the legal recognition of same-sex marriages and not a single Indian State Government has expressed support for same-sex marriage. state of Ohio enjoy most of the same rights as non-LGBTQ people. As a result, same-sex marriage became legal in all 50 states and U. Jun 3, 2024 · The index combines 15 individual policies: the legality of same-sex relationships, marriage, gender marker changes, censorship of LGBT+ issues, gender-affirming care, legal recognition of non-binary gender, LGBT+ discrimination, employment discrimination, housing discrimination, same-sex adoption, serving openly in the military, blood donations by men who have sex with men, conversion Oct 9, 2021 · As part of structural changes in partnership formations and family institutions, countries around the world have started to accept and formalize same-sex relationships to the extent that some of them even legalized same-sex marriages. Hodges on June 26, 2015, many same-sex couples were finally granted the right to marry. Scope and Limitation of the Study. jzmf elzopo qcttz anup vrafzyhy ctsdkkey dtrexgvi ibwy zuu vzbbd jecx fvtxi xdbvl xdzymf jdioinq